There are different ways to perform IP based DoS Attacks.The most common IP based DoS attack is that an attacker sends an extensive amount of connection establishment（本题）（e.g.TCP SYN requests）to establish hanging connections with the controller or a DPS.Such a way,the attacker can consume the network resources which should be available for legitimate users.In other（72）,the attacker inserts a large amount of（73）packets to the data plane by spoofing all or part of the header fields with random values.These incoming packets will trigger table-misses and send lots of packet-in flow request messages to the network controller to saturate the controller resources.In some cases,an（74）who gains access to DPS can artificially generate lots of random packet-in flow request messages to saturate the control channel and the controller resources.Moreover,the lack of diversity among DPSs fuels fuels the fast propagation of such attacks.Legacy mobile backhaul devices are inherently protected against the propagation of attacks due to complex and vendor specific equipment.Moreover,legacy backhaul devices do not require frequent communication with core control devices in a manner similar to DPSs communicating with the centralized controller.These features minimize both the impact and propagation of DoS attacks.Moreover,the legacy backhaul devices are controlled as a joint effort of multiple network element.For instance,a single Long Term Evilution（LTE）eNodeB is connected up to 32 MMEs.Therefore,DoS/DDoS attack on a single core element will not terminate the entire operation of a backhaul device（75）the network. A.message B.information C.requests D.date
Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability，honesty and security of an entity on which we depend（ ）our welfare.In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things,ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations.A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions,hence,a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy.A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold,meaning that when a trusted（ ）fails,then the sytems and applications that depend on it can（ ）be considered secure.An often cited articulation of this principle is:＂a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy”（which happens when the trust system fails）.The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider（SP for short）that is,it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services.A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on.This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many. Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link,that is,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of all the trusted components.We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better.This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is,fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model,stronger the security that can be achieved by it. The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management（denoted Idm hereafter）is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment.Trust management becomes a component of（ ）whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication.IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services. Establishing trust always has a cost,so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust.To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to“cut corners”regarding trust requirements,which could lead to inadequate security.The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed.The establishment of initial（ ）usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner. A.with B.on C.of D.for
