This year will difficult for this organization because （ ）.
Government is an institution resulting from man’s group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small,homogeneous,simple society, these social controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, heterogeneous complex society,the institution of government takes over this function.For purposes of analysis,social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral control derives from the internalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individual’s behavior without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and right. He follows it to conform,to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards.Political control is an outgrowth of moral control,and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the government’s authority as just and right. A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long. In addition,a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on several occasions and is now evident among some groups of society according to “The Roots of Lawlessness” by historian Henry Steele Commander.Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique as an institution because it serves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus,individuals violating the rules and regulation of the economic,educational,or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government.1.A condition characterized by the absence of social organization and social control, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is（ ）.2.The internalized form of social control is（ ）.3.Legitimate power rightfully exercised is called（ ）.4.Which statement is NOT correct?
Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti- intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized— going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, thinks, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?2.We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of（ ）.3.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（ ）.4.Emerson, according to the passage, is probably （ ）.5.What does the author think of intellect?
Native-places, which transcend national boundaries to become central to the organization of emigrants communities, have historically been at the root of social organization with China. Native place has traditionally referred to the particular village or region where one’s ancestors originated. It signifies not only the physical place itself but also the deep attachments to the land, customs, and people from that place that are forged through generations of shared ancestry and history. It is through these bonds and sentiments, signified by genealogical connections to the ancestors buried there as well as contact with the soil and water, that space is turned into place. Ties to native place are inherited, so that even immigrants to other parts of China would still claim their grandfather’s native place as their own place of origin, even if they had never been there. As the second and third generations, many American-born Chinese Americans have learned about China only second-hand through family stories or media and popular culture images. For them China is at the same time a distant and foreign place and a place to which they have a connection. In this sense, ideas about China that came across in a highly mediated fashion are of central importance to the ways that Chinese Americans perceive their Chineseness.For many young overseas Chinese, ties to China carry little emotional or practical importance, and personal identity may only partly involve identification as Chinese. They distinguish between “cultural roots and citizenship”. Many Chinese overseas, removed from mainland China by time and cultural distance visit China without a desire to find their ancestral villages. For many Chinese Americans, Beijing represents the essence of Chinese civilization. They may identify more the Great Wall with their native villages. Images of China come in packaged representations through the media, history books, and documentaries. This phenomenon is represented in overseas Chinese tourism, which combines an interest in general Chinese history with a tenuous connection to home villages. Most visits to the mainland, organized by foreign travel agencies within Chinese communities abroad, involve a tour of major historical sites and famous cities in China, most often followed by a trip to the native village. Therefore, it is through their experiences in China that Chinese Americans reevaluate and reframe their ideas about Chineseness in relation to their identities as Chinese Americans. It is through interaction with their places of ancestral origin in China that Chinese Americans remake these places into transnational space connecting America and China. Chinese-American roots-searching trips to China must be viewed within a multi-layered political and historical context, and as more of a reterritorialization than a return to territory. Ideas of place can be transformed from afar from concrete notions of villages to abstract notions of nation, or they can be overlaid as geographies to tame an unfamiliar and hostile environment. Even from a distance, China remains relevant to Chinese Americans in numerous ways as a powerful influence shaping their identities.1.What would be the best title for this passage?2.It can be inferred that the packaged representations may be the ones that（ ）.3.How do young overseas Chinese look at their land of origin?4.What is the tone of the writer in interpreting the phenomenon about native-place ties?
Many mental institutions throughout the country have been turned into dumping grounds for thousands of oldsters who have no place else to go. Most of them aren’t really mentally ill. In the jargon of the hospital bureaucracy, they are classified as “inappropriate admissions.” But since society has nothing better to offer, they are left to rot without hope, help, or dignity. The usual exit is death.Often through no fault of their own , understaffed and overcrowded mental hospitals handle their “geriatric cases” little better than cattle. There is a recurrent pattern of elderly patients locked into wards to prevent them from wandering about, given steady doses of tranquilizers to keep them “manageable”, left day and night without a trace of human warmth or companionship.Some hospitals have wards full of elderly, tranquilized patients, bodies bloated from their inactive, meaningless existences, sitting listlessly on hard benches or sprawled asleep on the floor. There are women, silent as statues, occupying chairs and rockers in the corridors. While the weather may be beautiful outdoors, old men may indifferently shuffle about a geriatric “cottage” with nowhere to go and nothing to do.Yet many of the people could be restored to human dignity, not by complicated therapeutic procedures, but among other things, by providing good medical care and reaching out a hand of kindness towards them.It is estimated that one half of the old people in state mental hospitals today could leave if proper community resources, services and programs were available. But an indifferent society has not made them available.1.The main idea of this passage is that（ ）.2.“Geriatric”in paragraph 2 refers to people who are（ ） .3.We may infer that the author（ ） .4.The author believes that the real blame lies with（ ）.
If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that ply the world’s busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands.The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it carried its one millionth passengers, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there.From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class.The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a day each way. A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years.In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-levels traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering. Some of the major carriers say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5% and point to their rivals-Particularly Air France—as having suffered the problems. On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic.The airlines’ optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow Leeds Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Yorkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.41.British airlines confide in the fact that （ ）.42.The author’s attitude towards the drop of passengers may be described as （ ）.43.In the passage, British Rail (Para 6) is mentioned to （ ）.44.The railway’s Brussels route is brought forth to show that （ ）.45.The passage is taken from the first of an essay, from which we may well predict that in the following part the author is going to （ ）.
