There are new sources of diversity becoming more prominent in the form of the new providers—the for-profit, the virtual, and the corporate universities and colleges, （ ） substantially different organizational forms.
The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friends. In fact, the first thing that our own experiences, （1） many of the great philosophers, tell us about true friendship is that it is very rare. A lot of our associations seem like friendships at first, only to weaken and disappear（2）. These lack what might be called the “prerequisites”. In trying to （3） what they are, we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and temporary and （4） that are essential and enduring.Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing out that there are three kinds of friendship based on utility, on pleasure, and on virtue.The friendship of utility and pleasure go together and are（5） the most common. Everyone has experienced them. People are “friendly” to their business associates, neighbors, the members of their car pool, and（6） casual acquaintances on trains, boats and airplanes. This kind of civility is, （7）, a form of friendship, the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience. （8）, people are “friendly” to their golfing partners, to others at a cocktail party, and to acquaintances who entertain them. This is also a form of friendship, the friendship of （9）, of mutual enjoyment. It could be argued that these sorts of friendship appear to be based upon something（10） reciprocal altruism: we are friendly （11） because cooperating in the office is mutually beneficial in terms of （12）: we like to shop with friends because it is mutually beneficial in terms of increasing the pleasure.These low forms of friendship are not necessarily bad,（13） they are （14）. One of their defects （15） the fact that they depend on and vary with circumstances. This is why they quickly arise and just as quickly disappear. （16）, when the Book of Proverbs says, “A friend loves at all times”, it is referring to （17） form of friendship that does not depend on circumstances. In order to go beyond the effect of time and accident, it must be based on the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship（18） cannot be a passing friendship.True friendship, then, （19） (although it often includes) both utility and pleasure. For Aristotle, such a friendship must be based on a good moral character. Only in that way can it last. Further, it must develop （20）, since it first depends on familiarity, knowledge, and then—eventually —mutual trust.
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had bee8n located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery blacksmiths, masons, carpenters which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?2.In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT（ ） .
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 16 of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions?
6.The primary purpose of the passage is to （ ）.
7.According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?
8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?
A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930. B.Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930. C.The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910. D.The federal census of 1910.问题2： AExamine the data over time, and you’ll find irrefutable evidence of progress: the decline of war, the increase in life span; （ ） of literacy, democracy, and equal rights; （ ） of privilege based on race, gender, heredity and beliefs.
Although politicians tended to （ ） acknowledging this aspect-of policy too publicly, in their more candid moments they admitted that this cure for inflation went hand in glove with a rise in unemployment above NAIRU.
1.The Americans have always believed that the United States （ ）.
2.Progress in environmental protection in the United States would not have been possible if it had not been for （ ）.
3.The author's attitude towards environmental laws and regulations in the United States is （ ）.4.In paragraph 3, the author tries to account for （ ）in the United States.
5.The last sentence of the passage means that （ ）.
'>From the earliest decades of colonization to the 20th century, Americans have celebrated and largely taken for granted the seemingly endless bounty of their land. Not until the early twentieth century did a significant conservation movement develop before the prodding of professional resource managers like the forester Gifford Pinchot, and politicians like Theodore Roosevelt. The movement was a response to an evident dwindling of know mineral resources, the decimation of virgin forests, and a decline in the fish and game available to sportsmen. It was also an integral expression of the political movement known as progressivism, which stressed, among other things, the use of government power, guided by scientific knowledge and democratic principles, to solve national, social, and economic problems. The progressive conservationists pushed into existence a substantial body of legislation at state and national levels that aimed at the rational management of resources. For the most part, however, these laws had more form than substance, and in practice the exploitation of nature continued and largely unchecked.By the 1920’s progressivism had faded away, but its enthusiasm for scientific management and research remained active in the business community. Both the commitment to resource management research by industry and the allocation of funds to seek out untapped resources grew rapidly. Science and technology linked up more closely than before to devise means for their exploitation.The amalgam of science, technology, and business interests not only fostered the continued growth of older industries, but also spawned new industries that fostered economic expansion at great environmental cost. The development of electric power raised manufacturing productivity and the material standard of living, but also polluted the air through the combustion of fossil fuels in huge amounts. The spread of automotive transportation entailed mobility and productivity, but exacted the price of long-term environmental costs, voracious energy consumption, and expropriation of land for railways. The multifaceted petrochemical industry listed among its benefits better agricultural productivity from the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but contributed heavily to air, water, and soil pollution. The aviation industry promoted mobility and cohesion within the nation and helped to end American isolation from the rest of the world, but promoted a new dimension of air and noise pollution, energy demands, and pressure on scarce land in urban areas for airports.American urbanization and industrialization continued to accelerate between World War I and the 1970's, with only a temporary slump in the depression era. Demand for iron, steel, coal, oil, gas,
