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Over the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses.In 2015,42 percent of grades were top marks,compared to 31 percent in 1988.1.But another,related force-a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called"grade forgiveness"-is helping raise grade-point averages.Different schools'policies can work in slightly different ways,but in general,grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.（Both grades still appear on the student's transcript.）The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school（and paying tuition）and improve their graduation rates.According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers,a trade group,some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade.2.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.3.Indeed,there seems to be demand for do-overs."Students are asking for it,"said Jack Miner,Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services."We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools,and a small change in their GPA can help."College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty."Ultimately,"Ohio State's Miner said,"we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time."That said,there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges'own needs as well.4.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students-who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill-feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars.which i.s another big concern for colleges.Indeed.grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'expectations for higher education.5.On this,students'and colleges'incentives seem to be aligned.
4选？
A.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
B.This lrend of grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
C.This.trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s,abated somewhat in the'70s and came back strong in the'80s.The previous signs of academic disaster.
D and F,went by the wayside in the Vietnam era,when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.
D.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be.
E.One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter,because there's always another chance.
F.The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied-similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms,splendid recreational facilities,and cornucopian dining halls.
G.For public institutions,state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention-so better grades can,by boosting figures like thos
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Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid.
The author views the system promised by Ken Clarke with
A.confidence.
B.uncertainty.
C.tolerance.
D.criticism.
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As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember___1___we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain___2___,we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments.”___3___seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a（n）___4___impact on our professional,social,and personal___5___.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done.It___6___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental___7___can significantly improve our basic cognitive___8___.Thinking is essentially a___9___of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to___10___in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.___11___,because these connections are made through effort and practice,scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate___12___mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step___13___and developed the first“brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental___14___.The Web-based program___15___you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps___16___of your progress and provides detailed feedback___17___your performance and improvement.Most importantly,it___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to___19___on the strengths you are developing—much like a（n）___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.（16）选？
A.hold
B.track
C.order
D.pace
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The person making the haircut appointment for her boss?She's not a person There's a 1 rapidly developing in AI-have it do the things we don't want to do.Self-driving cars get a lot of attention in this 2.But Google recently demonstrated AI for more 3 tasks.Their system is called Google Duplex--it's a voice assistant 4 to mimic the ways humans speak to one another.Amazon,Apple and other tech companies also make voice assistants,of course.What's 5 with Duplex is that it can carry on a conversation 6 as a human being-that is,somewhat awkwardly.And that's the 7 of course--Google doesnt want Duplex to sound like a machine.In the hair salon 8,the woman who answers the phone throws duplex a curveball There is a point in the exchange 9 Duplex shows its true colors,10.Listen carefully and you'll hear a11 difference between the Al's pronunciation of“10A.M.”and“12P.M.”For just an instant,Duplex's mismatched tones 12 you of being on hold with your bank A second Duplex clip is a bit more 13,because the person 14 the phone doesn't seem to be 15 paying attention.Duplex tells the woman three times that he wants to 16 on Wednesday Duplex has a long way to go 17 it'll be ready to handle open-ended conversations on 18 topics.But one day you may be 19 from all kinds of unpleasant vocal interactions.20more time for unpleasant social media interactions
16选？
A.come by
B.come in
C.come across
D.come around
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You had a very unpleasant experience during your stay in Wanda Hotel for your holiday.Write a letter to the store manager to explain the problem,express your complaints and suggest a solution You should include the details you think necessary You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use"Li Ming instead Do not write the address.（10 points）
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